Debian

My Debian user diary where I'm trial, error and consultation Solve problems with friends as they arrive here

Debian Installation

Assume that your OS before installing Debian is Windows

Before installing Debian, you must first partition .

There are several programs that can easily do this from under the Windows: free Easeus Acronis Disk Director or Partition Magic.

They can create partitions visible from both Windows and Linux.

First you need to create a logical disk. In addition to the one on which Windows is installed.

The above programs are able to separate a piece empty space from your system disk. For example, if you initially have Disk C: - You need to create Disk D:

Next, I believe that you have already created a clean disk of the right size.

On this disk we create three sections:

Once the sections are ready, you need a Debian distribution. It is important to choose the right architecture:

• amd64 - for a 64-bit system
• i386 - for 32-bit

There are different types of distributions, I usually use netinstall. here

netinstall is suitable for those who want to install the basic system, and add the necessary packages yourself

If you want to install everything at once, then download the DVD image. here

One of the things I really liked was the installation of website

When installing a disk that you highlight under itself Debian will need to select a mounting point /

An administrator analog in Windows is a root user in Debian. Make your password harder (such as QWERTY) so that hackers do not start capturing your future server (there was a precedent☺).

N.B. If you have 2 or more network cards, Debian will offer to configure one. They're in place.

If you know, which is currently connected to the network cord - configure it.

I advise you to pay attention to all the proposed names.

Read the details in the article «Configuration of the network in Linux»

Installation of programmes

The easiest way to install is from the repository.

Updates and other joys are downloaded by the so-called package manager. APT. (Commands look like apt-get and aptitude.)

The file with the list of addresses from where apt-get can download updates lies in the directory

/etc/apt/

It's called sources.list wiki

You can open the file in at least two ways:

Go to the directory /etc/apt/

cd /etc/apt

To open the file

vi sources.list

Or use it right away. vi , indicating the full path to the file

vi /etc/apt/sources.list

Nano is a text editor, an analogue of a notebook in a Windows.

Install the program from the repository

apt-get install program_name

Delete

apt-get remove program_name

Instead of removing, you can use purge - this is a stronger removal.

If the repository cannot be installed, there are two ways: insert sources.list Or download the program from the Internet. When downloading, options are also possible:

If you download a .deb package, you need to go to the directory with it (or add it to command)

dpkg -i package_name.deb
apt-get install package_name

Source installation

Detailed. here I advise you to study this issue so that you do not suffer later.

In short: if you download the source, you need to place them in the folder /usr/src Go to the source folder and dial

./configure
make
make install

Use Make Install Better With Linux Experience

If you have already established graphical environment It is not the same as GUI, it is not superfluous. There are at least two sets of Qt libraries for KDE and GTK - for Gnome, Xfce4 et al.

When choosing the program you want to install, ask. (for example, go to the its official website or wikipedia page based on which library The program is created - in simple terms, which environment it will be easier to work with.

Example: I put Xfce4 and Ktorrent on it. It's counterintuitive, it's usually Transmission, I'm a video player. Choose xine (apt-get install) gxine) is right.

It is also important to note that different programs may require setting up some preliminary actions, preferably before Installation to make a search query "How to install the name Programs Version Debian"

When installing programs from source materials, pre-installation is often required. gcc and Linux-headers

apt-get install linux-$(uname -r)
apt-get install gcc

From under the graphic shell can be launched synaptic and install packages from there.

You can install manual programs. For example, download skype from the site perform

dpkg -i skype

Most likely, there will be a message about unresolved dependencies with a list of packages.

I need it through the search engine. Find these packages on debian.org download and run again dpkg -i There may be new unauthorised dependency, so the process can be delayed, but sometimes it works.

When updating the package manager, i.e. after commands

apt-get update

There might be a mistake.

W: GPG error: http://dl.google.com stable Release: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY A040830F7FAC5991

You can add publickey in the following way:

sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com A040830F7FAC5991

If there is an error

E: Could not get lock /var/lib/dpkg/lock - open (11: Resource temporarily unavailable)
E: Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg/), is another process using it?

So another package manager is running, for example. synaptic. We need to close it.

Installing Java

Java is everywhere. For example, without java will not be installed. SOAP UI

apt-get install default-jre

Detailed instructions, not the fact that it will work immediately.

Possible errors in installation Java You can find in the article Errors

Start of work

After installation, the system should restart. Responsible for loading Grub2 It is worth reading about separately. But if everything works with it, you can postpone it.

After rebooting, you get into the so-called shell.

The most popular shell is bash You need to learn the basic commands cd, ls, mkdir, mount … this can be done in the article «Basics of bash»

In textbooks and manuals there is a rule: if command is #, then it is from root if @ then from a simple user.

I'm starting to think it's set to a minimum, and you see a black screen that says something like,

root@Name:~#

Run command.

cd /

Press Enter and write.

ls

You will see a list of folders that lie in the root directory. The root folder is designated as

/

If the setup was from a netinstall image, then Debian is almost naked. You need to add various additions from the Internet. So-called packages and programs.

A possible problem at this stage is the lack of internet. For example, in the installation there is a risk. Specify the wrong network interface choice between eth0 and eth1

We can adjust.

/etc/network/interfaces

Read more in the article «Configure the network in Debian»

Example

allow-hotplug eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp address 192.168.0.107 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.0.1

After editing, update the network connection

/etc/init.d/networking restart

If it does not help, try to download another network card eth1 instead of eth0.

If the internet is working, I recommend doing it first.

aptitude update
aptitude upgrade

Same thing with apt-get. In theory, this should help update package managers. I'm like a shaman with tambourines. It's regular. When upgrading the entire system, you will need to choose languages again and so on.

To find out the kernel version you need to dial

uname -a

My core debian 2.6.32-5 was exactly what needed to be updated.

Just in case, I recommend adding to

/etc/apt/source.list

deb http://ftp.ru.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main contrib non-free deb http://ftp.ru.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free

You may need to use Midnight Commander.

apt-get install mc

And archivists.

apt-get install zip unzip p7zip bzip2

You can try to make Russian in the console (if not)

apt-get install console-cyrillic console-terminus

If the computer freezes. To reboot, you can use a combination of keys

Press Alt + PrtScr sequentially

R E I S U B

The Debian sound is in charge alsamixer

aptitude install alsa-utils alsa-base alsa-tools

Something has to jump in.

Enter command.

alsamixer

There'll be a few poles. Sometimes problems with sound are solved by increasing the height of the columns (arrows up). Sometimes you need to replace the zeroes under the columns with the letters M and vice versa.

Graphic shell

Installation of a graphic shell (ix) on the example gdm3:

apt-get install gdm3

When starting the graphical interface, you can select the shell using the key

F1

Get into the graphic shell (ix) for the first time:

startx

Select "Use the default settings"

Back to the console:

Ctrl + Alt + F1

Get out of the console to X:

Alt + F7

You can restart X-server with command.

/etc/init.d/ gdm3 restart

Shutting down the Xes

/etc/init.d/ gdm3 stop

Enable the X server

/etc/init.d/ gdm3 start

Installation of useful programs for the ordinary user:

browser iceweasel. Preliminary advice to register in

/etc/apt/sources.list

line

deb http://mozilla.debian.net/ squeeze-backports iceweasel-release

The browser itself:

apt-get install iceweasel

ktorrent is usually in the archive .tar.bz2, it is unpacked using:

tar -xvjf

When you have a file with .deb extension

dpkg -i
apt-get install ktorrent

When installing a message from the developers can get out - press q

Another thing that comes as a complete surprise to beginners is The need for so-called disk mounting.

In Windows Usually all disks are visible immediately (keyword - usually). In order to gain access to all Logical disks, with the exception of the system, must indicate to the system Which folder should this disk be attached to? I mean, write (under root)

fdisk -l

A list of your drives will appear, and if you know what you want to use, you need something similar to

mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/w7free

So I attach the disc. sda5 filesystem NTFS (Remind me that he went under number 3 in the list above)

This process is described in detail here

To process images and take screenshots, you need to install a program Gimp

apt-get install the gimp

Another possible problem is incorrect timing. You can change the time zone with commands.

dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

Setting time and date

The time zone under Debian is established through a symbolic link.

File. /etc/localtime should look at the time zone setting file in the directory

/usr/share/zoneinfo

It tells you what time zone you are in.

For example: I live in Russia (Moscow time) I have to make a link

/etc/localtime

file /usr/lib/zoneinfo/Europe/Moscow

That requires command:

rm -f /etc/localtime
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Moscow /etc/localtime

To find out what time zones are available, check them in the directory.

/usr/share/zoneinfo:

cd /usr/share/zoneinfo
ls

Choose the most suitable one for you...

If the time is not set right, then you have the wrong time in the BIOS. To check the time in the BIOS, use command:

hwclock

2021-09-08 11:25:17.289911+02:00

Now we know what time is set in the BIOS, but we need to fix it. Adjust time in the system:

date MMDDhhmmCCYY.ss

Description of commands date parameters:

MM – two digits of the current month (example: January=01);
DD two digits of the current date (if the current calendar day 1, then 01 is written);
hh - two digits indicating the hour;
mm Two digits indicating minutes;
CCYY - four digits of the year;
ss is two digits of seconds.


You can also enter «date MMDDhhmmCCYY» without seconds, then the seconds are set to zero.

And now we introduce a new set time in BIOS:

hwclock --systohc

Archives

Example: Add all .jpg files from the directory to the archive

tar czf archive.tar.gz *.jpg

tar.gz

tar xvzf archive_name.tar.gz

tar.bz2

tar xvjf archive_name.tar.bz2

To unpack the archive into a specific directory, use the option -C or option --directory

tar -xf archive.tar -C /target/directory
tar -xf archive.tar.gz --directory /target/directory

rar

Set up unrar,

apt-get install unrar

later

unrar archive_name.rar

zip

Set unzip,

apt-get install unzip

later

unzip archive_name.zip

If these methods do not help, you can try p7zip. You can put peazip under the X. As a last resort, you can Use online archives, for example wobzip

Recoding

Suppose you have a file. file in the wrong coding.

You can change the encoding of files in the following way:

cat file.html | iconv -f cp1251 -t utf-8 > new.html

One way. Then we open, edit, close.

cat new.html | iconv -f utf-8 -t cp1251 > file.html

As an option, you can use convmv

If you have problems with coding on the site I recommend reading the article. «Site in incorrect encoding»

Set up xfce4

To make life a little more fun, you can do a couple of manipulations with the panel. Let's go.

Settings → Panel → Elements

And we add what we need. You can change the clock to a clock with a date. Add the volume control.

To add the battery level for the laptop and the applet of the keyboard layout, you need to download the applet from the repository:

apt-get install xfce4-battery-plugin
apt-get install xfce4-xkb-plugin

To enlarge the font in the xfce4 terminal emulator, you need to press Ctrl and hold it to make a right click. Mouses on the terminal will appear intuitive menu.

Restart. X-server (Previously leaving for the console Ctrl + Atl + F1) can command

/etc/init.d/gdm restart

or

/etc/init.d/gdm3 restart

or

/etc/init.d/kdm restart

To turn off, you need to write not restart but stop, to start start

keyboard

The layout and other keyboard settings are in the file /etc/default/keyboard

Instructions for adding language here

Users

To create a user1 you need to enter command.

adduser user1

If you have received a message bash: adduser: command not found read the decision here

If this user is bored, you can delete command.

deluser user1

If you forget the user password, you can change command from the root.

passwd user1

The list of users is in the file /etc/passwd to open it enter

cat /etc/passwd

Find out what groups the user 1 is in

groups user1

Add user1 to the group group1

usermod -G group1 user1

Add a sinij user to both group1 and bks fans

usermod -G group1,bks_fans sinij

Modify the main user group 1 to group 2 (By default, the group is usually called the same as the user.)

usermod -g group2 user1

Get a list of all groups

cat /etc/group

To get not the entire list, but only regular user groups

cat /etc/group | grep 1[0-9][0-9][0-9]

You can read about Grep and other commands. here

Change the group to which the directory belongs /home/movies on users

chgrp -R users /home/movies

SSH connection

A protocol connection can be used to exchange information with other computers. ssh. Suppose you want to connect from a laptop to a stationary PC.

You need to create a new user on your PC, let’s call it a sinij.

adduser sinij

We create a more complex password, for example. QWERTY 9dkjvA!#4jdLs

Now you need to install ssh on both computers - if it is not already available

apt-get install ssh

Check if ssh is working.

service ssh status

Stop / start / restart ssh

/etc/init.d/ssh stop
/etc/init.d/ssh start
/etc/init.d/ssh restart

Find out ip stationary PC (ip PC) using

ifconfig

If ifconfig fail out

ifconfig command not found debian

You can take advantage of command.

ip addresses

Or install ifconfig.

To connect to a PC on a laptop, enter into the terminal

ssh sinij@pc_ip

If you can connect, you can start to move to the folders of the remote PC.

To disconnect from the connection, you need to type something from the list:

exit
logout
ctrl + D

To make changes to the connection settings, you need to edit the file

/etc/ssh/sshd_config

- on the server and

/etc/ssh/ssh_config

- on the client.

In the file

/etc/ssh/sshd_config

Change the default port to any free port

#Port 22
Port 2222

You can log in with a password if the line in /etc/ssh/sshd_config is uncommented

PasswordAuthentication yes

This is a less secure method than login by key, so usually instead of yes point out no

Edit the file

/home/username/.bashrc

# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.

# Note: PS1 and umask are already set in /etc/profile. You should not
# need this unless you want different defaults for root.
PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\h:\w\$ '
# umask 022


# You may uncomment the following lines if you want `ls' to be colorized: # export LS_OPTIONS='--color=auto'
# eval "`dircolors`"
# alias ls='ls $LS_OPTIONS'
# alias ll='ls $LS_OPTIONS -l'
# alias l='ls $LS_OPTIONS -lA'
#

# Some more alias to avoid making mistakes: # alias rm='rm -i'
# alias cp='cp -i'
# alias mv='mv -i'
alias ll='ls -laF'
alias ec='nano /root/.bashrc'
alias es='nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config'
alias eg='nano /etc/group'
alias ep='nano /etc/passwd'
alias ea='nano /var/log/auth.log'
alias ps='ps -ax|grep ss'
alias ss='/usr/sbin/ssh'

Wi-fi

You can try it first.

apt-get install wireless-tools

For xfce4 suitable wicd

apt-get install wicd

Once the Wicd is installed, it should appear among the menu items. The Internet. If it does not appear, you need to restart the X. Maybe we should. reboot

A connection icon should appear in the corner of the screen. If there are multiple badges, So there's something else, like network-manager-gnome. You can do it just in case.

apt-get remove network-manager-gnome

And then

reboot

One of the badges must go missing. Put the cursor on the second. I choose "Connect." - No wireless networks found.

On the advice of lor, I wrote in the field. Wireless interface value is wlan0. Networks should come.

wicd apt-get remove wicd
apt-get autoremove
apt-get remove network-manager
apt-get autoremove
reboot

Then reset it.

Iron

Get information about iron

dmesg

Get information about CPU

cat /proc/cpuinfo

or

dmesg | grep CPU

Find out the level. RAM

dmesg | grep "RAM width"

Find out the size of RAM

tac /proc/meminfo | grep MemTotal

List of devices PCI tire

lspci -k

Get a list of mounted disks and their size can be command df

df -ht ext4

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 454G 3.6G 427G 1% /

Flag h - volume in human-readable form

t ext4 - show only disks with ext4 file system

Disc mounting

Preparation

You need to create a folder to which the disk is mounted. For example, for a disk. /mnt/w7free

mkdir /mnt/w7free

Or a flash drive.

mkdir /mnt/flashcard

Step 1.

Before mounting the disk, you first need to understand which disks are connected to the computer.

There are several ways to do this: lsblk, ls/dev/sd*, fdisk-l, and others.

Get a list of all devices, including unmounted

lsblk | grep sd

sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 512M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda2 8:2 0 461.4G 0 part / └─sda3 8:3 0 3.9G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:0 0 100.0G 0 disk └─sdb1 8:1 0 512M 0 part /home

There are also discs. NVM (non-volatile memory) It starts with nvm.

You’ll have to watch another command, or take it. df

lsblk | grep nvm

nvme0n1 259:0 0 477G 0 disk ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 512M 0 part /boot/efi ├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 976.6M 0 part /boot └─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 475.5G 0 part └─nvme0n1p3_crypt 253:0 0 475.5G 0 crypt /

Real physical disks get letters a. b and so on. That is, sda This is the first disc, sdb the second and so on.

Virtual partitions get numbers. The sda disc is divided into three parts and the sdb consists entirely of sdb1.

The next two things I did on another computer.

The second way is ls/dev/sd* and ls/dev/nvm*

ls /dev/sd*

/dev/sda /dev/sda2 /dev/sda5 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb5 /dev/sdb7
/dev/sda1 /dev/sda3 /dev/sdb /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb6 /dev/sdb8

And for NVM discs.

ls /dev/nvm*

/dev/nvme0 /dev/nvme0n1 /dev/nvme0n1p1 /dev/nvme0n1p2 /dev/nvme0n1p3

The third method is fdisk -l, you may need to enter sudo fdisk -l.

debian:/home/andrey# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x63e54f64

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 206847 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 206848 100558847 50176000 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda3 100558848 1953521663 926481408 f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5 100560896 1953521663 926480384 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xbbc1fe9a

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 63 41785064 20892501 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 41785126 976768064 467491469+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sdb5 41785128 54283634 6249253+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sdb6 54283698 521887589 233801946 83 Linux
/dev/sdb7 521887653 585826289 31969318+ b W95 FAT32
/dev/sdb8 585826353 976768064 195470856 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

From this data we can conclude that physically hard drives can be seen two: sda and sdb, one of them at 1 TB and the other. 500GB. Assume that you need to mount the disk sda5 - you can step 2

Step 2 (for flash card)

Physical installation of the flash drive in the USB port.

Step 3 (for flash card)

We use command again.

ls /dev/sd*

or

fdisk -l

Everything new compared to the previous time is your flash drive. If, for example, it appears, sdb and sdb1then sdb It is a flash drive in general (I don’t know how to understand it) sdb1 - Usually there is a section that will need to be mounted.

Step 4

Image mounting.

The very word “mounting” can confuse a novice user. The point of all manipulation is Show the system how to link a visible disk to a folder.

mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/w7free

For a flash card.

Suppose that the new disc we found in Step 3 is called cdc1

mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/flashcard

If you need to specify the file system, then write, for example.

mount -t vfat /dev/sdb /mnt/flashcard

where vfat This is an indication of the file system (fat), -t It's from type type.

Automatic mounting during loading

In order not to mount disks every time manually you can write this process into a file.

/etc/fstab

First you need to know the permanent number of the disk you want to mount.

ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid

andrey@debian:~$ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Apr 1 12:26 28F45727F456F712 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Apr 1 12:26 2ff64169-2a42-4134-bb7d-785d2cb7ac26 -> ../../sdb1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Apr 1 12:26 3AE8F3DBE8F3937D -> ../../sda2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Apr 1 12:26 3E8904579F5AA793 -> ../../sda5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Apr 1 12:26 BB76478F1B670CB0 -> ../../sdb8
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Apr 1 12:26 DEFB-25FE -> ../../sdb7
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Apr 1 12:26 e7b2f181-26ae-4a22-9c9a-10a6dc22daee -> ../../sdb5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Apr 1 12:26 eafb05d0-15c7-41a5-9709-318bb2c618b7 -> ../../sdb6

3E8904579F5AA793 is the sda5 disk number you need to mount.

Open /etc/fstab

nano /etc/fstab

# /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=2ff64169-2a42-4134-bb7d-785d2cb7ac26 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # /home was on /dev/sda6 during installation UUID=eafb05d0-15c7-41a5-9709-318bb2c618b7 /home ext4 defaults 0 2 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=e7b2f181-26ae-4a22-9c9a-10a6dc22daee none swap sw 0 0 /dev/scd0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0 0 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto 0 0

And we write down the lines.

#win7 disk NTFS - this is a comment to make navigation easier. UUID=3E8904579F5AA793 /mnt/w7free ntfs defaults,cp1251,umask=000 0 0

Mounting with access rights

If the task is to make the mountable disk available, for example, only to the user andrey User ID with 1000 and group admins id of group 1111 . and the file access conditions you want to specify are not 777 a, for example 770

mount -t ntfs -o rw, uid=1000, gid=1111, fmask=0007, dmask=0117 /dev/sda5 /mnt/w7free/

where fmask This is the number that is subtracted from 777 to access files, and dmask is like fmask. dmask for directories.

References Linux mount

Go to the site on ftp

mc

Midnight Commander will launch

F9

Find FTP in the top menu. The address is written as follows:

login:password@hostname

In the graphics shell, you can install for example filezilla.

How to Create a File in Linux

cat > filename.filenameextension

Structure

Programme programmes

/usr/bin

Documentation.

/usr/share/doc

Configuration files

/etc

# /etc/aliases
mailer-daemon: postmaster
postmaster: root
nobody: root
hostmaster: root
usenet: root
news: root
webmaster: root
www: root
ftp: root
abuse: root
noc: root
security: root
root: andrey

Updating the distribution

Execute commands by tracking errors:

aptitude -f install
aptitude update
aptitude install apt aptitude dpkg
aptitude dist-upgrade
aptitude full-upgrade

Recording a bootable usb disk

dd if=/home/andreyolegovichru/Downloads/image.iso of=/dev/sdb1 bs=1M

 where after if= Write the way to the image, for example. /home/andrei/Downloads/debian-7.1.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso and /dev/sbd1 - it's your usb drive.

You can determine the path to the usb disk as follows: pull the usb disk, make command:

fdisk -l

Then insert the USB drive and execute this command again. There will be a couple of new ones. lines, that's it. your CD. When using dd It is necessary to specify the general part of these two lines, i.e. if sdb and sbd1 leave sbd.

The first problem you may have is a fake fullscreen. The picture remains small and everything is free. It's a black background. I was helped by launching mplayer with a key.

-vo sdl

If you need to watch the video in the original language, and even with subtitles (in our time you can download and not so) You will need some information about the video file. So the first thing we do is find out which tracks our video supports:

mplayer -vo null -ao null -frames 0 -v file_name | grep aid mplayer -vo null -ao null -frames 0 -v file_name | grep sid

After finding out the possible ligaments, and there are 2 of them, we use them, and to be exact, one of them. To begin with, the 1st in which we specify -aid (ID audio) -sid (ID subtitles):

mplayer -aid 1 -sid 1 file_name

or 2nd in which we specify directly -alang (audio language) or -slang (subtitle language):

mplayer -alang eng -slang eng file_name

Shell (Command Shell)

List of available shells

cat /etc/shells

Identify the currently active shell

echo $SHELL

Shift.

chsh

or

# usermod -s /bin/bash username

If after changing the shell there are problems, for example, do not go under the root. We can load in. recovery mod do # usermod -s /bin/bash root and # usermod -s /bin/bash username

Teams for working with text files

Team head
You can take advantage of command. head If you only need to look at the beginning of the file. The team looks like this:

head <filename>

Team. Head It may be useful, but since it only shows the first few lines, You won’t know how big the file is. By default, you can view The first ten lines of the file, although you can change this number by executing the following command:

head -20 <filename>

Team tail

Reverse. head perform tail . With help. tail You can view the last ten lines of the file.

Team. grep

The grep command is used to search the file for specified text strings. For example, if you want to find all mentions of the word "DEBUG" in the file reader.iniDo this.

grep DEBUG reader.ini

You will see all the lines of this file in which the word "DEBUG" was found.

Don't forget the register.

Unless otherwise indicated, grep seek register-based. That means searching Debug different debug. Among the many parameters grep eat -i. which indicates that the search must be performed without regard to the register of symbols. Read the man's page by grep To find out more about this command.

Redirection of input/output and channels

You can use channels and redirect output whenever you want to save and/or print information for later use.

For example, you can use command. grep find the required text in the file and then save the result in file or send it to the printer.

To publish information, for example concerning words "Debug" in the file sneakers.txtenter:

grep Debug sneakers.txt | lpr

Substitution signs and regular expressions

What if you forget the file name you need? Using substitution signs or regular expressions, you can perform actions with the file or files without knowing its full name. Just enter everything you know and replace the rest with the * sign.

Additional information on substitution marks and regular expressions

To learn more about substitution signs and regular expressions, refer to the guide page bash (man bash). Remember that you can save the received information in a text file, command

man bash | col -b > bash.txt

You can then open and read the file using

less or pico (pico bash.txt)

If you want to print a file, be careful, it is quite large.

Knowing that the file is called "sneak .txt," just type:

ls sneak*.txt

And here's the full file name:

sneakers.txt

Most likely, when searching, you will use the multiplication sign more often. *). When searching with this sign, you will find everything that corresponds to a given pattern. Even after:

ls *.txt

or:

ls sn*

You'll find the file. sneakers.txt And all the others whose names begin. c "sn" This allows you to expand the search area as much as possible.

One way to reduce the search area is to use a question mark. ??). Like a multiplication sign, ? It helps to find a file that satisfies the search condition.

However, ? It is used to replace just one character, so if you are looking for it, sneaker?.txtAs a result, you will find the file. sneakers.txtand/or sneakerz.txtIf such a file exists.

If the multiplication sign is included in the file name, how could it be if the file sneakers.txt would be sneak*.txt. You will need regular expressions.

Regular expressions are more complex than straightforward question and multiplication signs.

By means of the backward slash (\) You can determine what you don’t want to look for. everything What happens if you give a multiplication sign, and you need it? Multiplication sign in the file name.

If the file is called sneak*.txtenter:

sneak\*.txt

Below is a short list of substitution signs and regular expressions:

• * — Matches any number of any characters
• ? — Matches any single character in the line (for example, sneaker?.txt)
• \* — Corresponds to the * character
• \? — Corresponds to the ? character
• \) — Corresponds to the ) character

Completion of work

# halt
# poweroff
# shutdown
# shutdown 18:00
# shutdown -h now

Resetting

reboot
reboot -f (forced)

Article author: Andrei Olegovich